The Portuguese historian examines different forms of racism, particularly against New Christians and Moriscos in Iberia, black slaves and freedmen in colonial and postcolonial environments, Native Americans, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, and Jews in modern Europe. Exploring instances of enslavement, forced migration and ethnic cleansing, Bethencourt reflects on genocide and the persecution of ethnicities in C20th Europe. Chaired by Oscar Guardiola-Rivera.